Volkswagen Passat PHEV 2026 ePro Business Vehicle Profile: 157km EV Range Plug-in Hybrid Sedan
1. Verdict: Three Highlights and Three Caveats
Three Highlights
- 157 km of electric range puts it in the long-range tier of plug-in sedans: A CLTC electric range of 157 km and a WLTC figure of 125 km is top-tier among mid-size plug-in hybrids. Most urban commuters drive 40–50 km a day, which means one or two charges a week and no petrol at all — using a PHEV as a pure EV finally becomes realistic.
- An all-new 1.5T with a three-speed DHT — the powertrain was rebuilt from scratch: The EA211 1.5T EVO II with variable-geometry turbocharging, paired with P1+P3 dual motors and a three-speed DHT, fully replaces the old 1.4T plus six-speed dual-clutch. The two chronic complaints of low-speed hesitation and gearbox overheating are structurally eliminated, and engine engagement is gentler even with a depleted battery.
- Genuine D-segment space in a near five-metre body, with German chassis tuning: 5,017 mm long, 2,871 mm wheelbase: rear legroom is the baseline. The MacPherson front and multi-link rear set-up is tuned European-style, with stable body control at motorway speed that keeps long drives relaxed — something many new-brand coupe-sedans still need to catch up on.
Three Caveats
- Infotainment and cockpit intelligence remain a weak point: A 15-inch 2K screen and 5G connectivity form a decent hardware base, but system fluidity, continuous voice dialogue and ecosystem richness still lag clearly behind new-brand products at the same price. Accept it as "functional"; expecting "delightful" will disappoint.
- Interior materials and sound insulation are merely average: Hard plastics take a high share of the cabin and the perceived quality does not fully match the price point — a long-standing owner complaint. At the same time, tyre and wind noise enter the cabin in a higher proportion at speed; quietness sits mid-class rather than at the top.
- A plug-in hybrid carries a double maintenance burden: You look after engine oil, filter and spark plugs, and you also monitor battery health and the electric drive system. Compared with a pure EV there is an extra service programme; compared with a combustion car there is an extra high-voltage checklist. The long-term maintenance list is longer than either.
2. Model Overview
The Passat name is close to a textbook entry in China's mid-size sedan market. Since arriving in the 1990s it has witnessed and taken part in the entire formation of the Chinese D-segment, and for a long time served both as a corporate reception car and a family workhorse. In May 2026, SAIC Volkswagen launched the Passat ePro plug-in hybrid — a significant turn for this classic model in the electrification era.
The ePro's positioning is clear: a new-energy D-segment sedan that asks the owner to change none of their habits. It does not chase acceleration figures, nor does it try to turn the cabin into a mobile living room. Instead it gets one thing right — no petrol on the daily commute, no anxiety on the weekend trip. For buyers in plate-restricted cities who need a green plate but have no fast-charging setup, this is a pragmatic choice.
Looking at the lineage, the Passat PHEV was long carried by a 1.4T, a six-speed dual-clutch and a single motor, with only sixty-odd kilometres of electric range, high depleted-battery consumption, and the classic complaint of "a dragon with charge, a worm without". The 2026 ePro swaps in an entirely new "golden super-hybrid" system: an EA211 1.5T EVO II engine with Porsche-derived variable-geometry turbocharging, P1+P3 dual motors on a coaxial layout, a three-speed DHT, and a 22 kWh battery. This is not a facelift-level tweak; it is a rebuild of the powertrain.
At the body level, the ePro continues the Passat family's German proportions: 5,017 mm long, 1,850 mm wide and 1,489 mm tall on a 2,871 mm wheelbase, with a low, long stance. The front end uses a horizontally stretched grille with a full-width light signature, the side lines are clean and taut, and the rear is restrained. This car does not court attention with exaggerated styling language. It conveys "solid without being dated" through proportion and volume — a quality that particularly appeals in export markets, where a buyer need not explain what class of car it is. One look tells you.
The cabin continues Volkswagen's pragmatism: a horizontal dashboard layout, physical buttons retained for climate control, and a rotary gear selector. It looks conservative amid the intelligence wave, but for users used to conventional operating logic, the learning cost is close to zero.
You can get a full picture of the exterior and interior through the video below:
3. Basic Specifications
| Specification Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
| Model | Passat PHEV 2026 ePro Business Edition |
| Powertrain | Plug-in hybrid, front-mounted, front-wheel drive |
| Engine | 1.5T turbocharged inline-4, 129 hp (95 kW), 92-octane petrol |
| Electric motor | Permanent magnet synchronous, 197 hp (145 kW), 330 Nm peak torque |
| Transmission | 1-speed DHT dedicated hybrid transmission |
| CLTC electric range | 157 km |
| WLTC electric range | 125 km |
| CLTC combined range | 1,468 km |
| Battery capacity | 22 kWh |
| Battery chemistry | NMC plus LFP blend, Sunwoda cells |
| Fast charging time | 0.42 hours (30–80%) |
| WLTC combined fuel consumption | 0.75 L/100km |
| Depleted-battery consumption | approx. 3.6 L/100km (CLTC), approx. 5 L/100km (NEDC) |
| Official 0–100 km/h acceleration | 8.1 s |
| Top speed | 180 km/h |
| Dimensions (L×W×H) | 5,017 × 1,850 × 1,489 mm |
| Wheelbase | 2,871 mm |
| Body style | 4-door, 5-seat sedan |
| Fuel tank | 47.5 L |
| Curb weight | 1,825 kg |
| Suspension (Front / Rear) | MacPherson strut front / multi-link independent rear |
| Tyres | 245/45 R18 |
| Brakes (Front / Rear) | Ventilated discs front / solid discs rear, electric parking brake |
| High-voltage warranty | 8 years or 120,000 km |
Maintenance and Manufacturer Service
Servicing a plug-in hybrid sits between a combustion car and a pure EV. The engine still needs scheduled oil and filter changes at 10,000 km or 12-month intervals; the electric drive and battery side is health diagnostics only, with no consumables. Overall, annual servicing costs about 80–90% of the petrol Passat, and because the engine runs far less in everyday use, the real pressure on oil and filter replacement is actually lower.
The vehicle warranty is three years or 100,000 km and the high-voltage system carries eight years or 120,000 km. This is mainstream domestically; for export buyers, the overseas transfer of warranty obligations — especially who is liable for the high-voltage system — needs to be confirmed with the export service provider.
One practical piece of advice: plug-in hybrids suffer most from never being charged. If charging conditions at the buyer's location are poor and the car runs with a depleted battery for months, you are effectively driving a petrol car carrying a heavy battery, with both efficiency and experience degraded. Confirming charging access matters more than confirming the specification sheet.
4. Ownership Costs and Service
Energy Cost Estimate
The ePro's cost structure is distinctive: very cheap on electricity day to day, and not expensive on petrol over long distances either.
At the world average residential electricity price (Global Petrol Prices, 2025 dataset, about 0.179 USD/kWh) and a 22 kWh battery, a full charge costs about 3.9 USD for 157 km of CLTC electric range — roughly 0.025 USD per kilometre. If 70% of an annual 15,000 km is driven on electricity, the electricity bill alone comes to about 260 USD.
The remaining 30% — about 4,500 km — runs with a depleted battery. At a CLTC depleted-battery consumption of 3.6 L/100km and a world average petrol price of about 1.418 USD/L, that costs about 230 USD. Combined, annual energy spend is around 490 USD.
Against a comparable D-segment petrol sedan at 9 L/100km real-world city consumption and 15,000 km a year, annual fuel cost is about 1,900 USD. In other words, the ePro's annual energy cost is roughly a quarter of a conventional D-segment petrol car's. Even with no charging at all and pure depleted-battery running at about 6 L/100km measured, annual fuel cost is still only around 1,280 USD — far below a petrol equivalent.
Maintenance and Cost of Ownership
Over a three-year horizon, oil and filter, air filter, spark plugs, brake fluid, tyres and insurance combine into an annual running cost excluding depreciation and finance of roughly 700–1,000 USD — slightly above a pure EV, clearly below a petrol car of the same size.
Two potential costs to watch: first, battery health decay after the eight-year warranty period — plug-in batteries are small and cycle frequently, so electric range will fall more visibly over time than in a pure EV; second, DHT-specific fluid replacement, an added service item.
Incentives and Policy Reference
Policy treatment of plug-in hybrids varies enormously, and some markets no longer offer PHEVs any benefit at all. The table below summarizes policy types as a reference for buyers in different regions:
| Country / Region | Policy Type | Key Points |
|---|---|---|
| Germany | Purchase incentive | PHEV subsidies by electric range and price band, plus company-car tax advantages |
| United Kingdom | Tax advantage | Lower company car tax bands for PHEVs, with rates improving as electric range grows |
| France | Purchase incentive | Ecological bonus graded by carbon footprint; PHEV support lower than for BEVs |
| Netherlands | Tax advantage | Company car taxable value tiered by electric range |
| Norway | Usage-side relief | Lower purchase tax relief than BEVs; some toll concessions have been tightened |
| Thailand | Purchase incentive | Excise reduction for PHEVs, with subsidies lower than for BEVs |
| Australia | Tax advantage | Stamp duty relief for low-emission vehicles in selected states; PHEV inclusion varies by state |
Details and amounts are subject to the latest official announcements in each market. Source: IEA Global EV Policy Explorer.
5. Competitor Comparison
Placing the Passat ePro Business Edition alongside the BYD Seal 07 DM-i 2026 230 km Navigator Edition, the smart #6 2026 1810 Max and the Roewe M7 DMH 2025 160 km New Quality Edition shows exactly where the mid-size plug-in hybrid segment is bifurcating.
First, electric range tiers. The Roewe M7 at 160 km CLTC and the Passat ePro at 157 km belong to the "charge once a week" long-range camp; the BYD Seal 07 pushes to 230 km, a different order of magnitude and close to some early pure EVs; the smart #6 at 285 km is the highest in the group. The longer the electric range, the lower the chance of burning petrol — the single most important experience metric for a PHEV, and one where the Passat ePro is only mid-field.
Second, architecture philosophy. The Passat ePro uses a 1-speed DHT with a 1.5T; the Seal 07 uses an E-CVT with a 1.5T making 156 hp; the smart #6 uses a 3-speed DHT with a 1.5T making 163 hp; the Roewe M7 uses a 1.5L naturally aspirated engine with a 1-speed DHT. More ratios mean more relaxed engine speeds when the engine drives directly at highway pace — structurally the smart #6 is best placed here, while the Passat ePro chooses structural simplicity and reliability first.
Third, performance ranking. The Seal 07 leads on 0–100 km/h at 6.9 seconds, the smart #6 edges it at 6.7, the Passat ePro is 8.1 and the Roewe M7 7.9. At this price in the D-segment, low eights is entirely adequate, but buyers chasing shove will look at the other two.
Fourth, size and orientation. At 5,017 mm long with a 2,871 mm wheelbase, the Passat ePro is the most "executive" of the three-box sedans; the smart #6 is a liftback, the shortest body but the widest (1,922 mm) with the most flexible 525–1,315 L cargo area; the Roewe M7 offers a six-year or 150,000 km vehicle warranty, the longest of the four.
Powertrain, Battery & Performance Specifications
| Specification | Passat PHEV 2026 ePro Business | BYD Seal 07 DM-i 2026 230 km Navigator | smart #6 2026 1810 Max | Roewe M7 DMH 2025 160 km New Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Segment | Mid-size | Mid-size | Mid-size | Mid-size |
| Energy type | Plug-in hybrid | Plug-in hybrid | Plug-in hybrid | Plug-in hybrid |
| Drive type / Layout | FWD / Front motor | FWD / Front motor | FWD / Front motor | FWD / Front motor |
| Engine | 1.5T 129 hp I4 | 1.5T 156 hp I4 | 1.5T 163 hp I4 | 1.5L 112 hp I4 |
| Induction | Turbocharged | Turbocharged | Turbocharged | Naturally aspirated |
| Engine power | 95 kW (129 hp) | 115 kW (156 hp) | 120 kW (163 hp) | 82 kW (112 hp) |
| Engine torque | — | 225 Nm | 255 Nm (2,500–3,500 rpm) | 135 Nm |
| Fuel grade | 92 octane | 92 octane | 92 octane | 92 octane |
| Motor type | Permanent magnet synchronous | Permanent magnet synchronous | Permanent magnet synchronous | Permanent magnet synchronous |
| Motor power | 145 kW (197 hp) | 200 kW (272 hp) | 200 kW (272 hp) | 137 kW (186 hp) |
| Motor torque | 330 Nm | 315 Nm | 380 Nm | 330 Nm |
| System combined power | — | — | 320 kW | — |
| System combined torque | — | — | 635 Nm | — |
| Transmission | 1-speed DHT | E-CVT | 3-speed DHT | 1-speed DHT |
| Official 0–100 km/h | 8.1 s | 6.9 s | 6.7 s | 7.9 s |
| Top speed | 180 km/h | 200 km/h | 200 km/h | 185 km/h |
| CLTC electric range | 157 km | 230 km | 285 km | 160 km |
| WLTC electric range | 125 km | 180 km | 234 km | 115 km |
| Combined range | 1,468 km (CLTC) | — | — | — |
| Battery chemistry | NMC + LFP | LFP (Blade) | NMC | LFP |
| Cell supplier | Sunwoda | FinDreams | CATL | REPT |
| Battery cooling | — | Direct cooling | Liquid | Liquid |
| Fast charge time | 0.42 h (30–80%) | — | 0.25 h (30–80%) | 0.33 h (30–80%) |
| Fuel tank | 47.5 L | 50 L | 60 L | 55 L |
| WLTC combined consumption | 0.75 L/100km | 0.67 L/100km | 0.26 L/100km | 0.97 L/100km |
| Depleted-battery consumption (CLTC) | 3.6 L/100km | 3.5 L/100km | 3.9 L/100km | 2.91 L/100km |
Dimensions, Chassis & Cabin Technology
| Specification | Passat PHEV 2026 ePro Business | BYD Seal 07 DM-i 2026 230 km Navigator | smart #6 2026 1810 Max | Roewe M7 DMH 2025 160 km New Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body style | 4-door, 5-seat sedan | 4-door, 5-seat sedan | 5-door, 5-seat liftback | 4-door, 5-seat sedan |
| Dimensions (L×W×H) | 5,017 × 1,850 × 1,489 mm | 4,995 × 1,900 × 1,495 mm | 4,906 × 1,922 × 1,508 mm | 4,940 × 1,890 × 1,510 mm |
| Wheelbase | 2,871 mm | 2,900 mm | 2,926 mm | 2,820 mm |
| Front / rear track | 1,586 / 1,572 mm | 1,640 / 1,650 mm | 1,642 / 1,647 mm | 1,600 / 1,600 mm |
| Ground clearance | — | — | 154 mm | — |
| Turning radius | — | 5.6 m | — | 5.8 m |
| Curb weight / Gross weight | 1,825 kg / 2,285 kg | 2,010 kg / 2,460 kg | 2,099 kg / 2,565 kg | 1,670 kg / 2,117 kg |
| Luggage capacity | — | — | 525–1,315 L | 527 L |
| Front / rear suspension | MacPherson ind. / multi-link ind. | MacPherson ind. / five-link ind. | MacPherson ind. / multi-link ind. | MacPherson ind. / multi-link ind. |
| Front / rear brakes | Ventilated disc / disc | Ventilated disc / disc | Ventilated disc / ventilated disc | Ventilated disc / disc |
| Adaptive suspension | None | None | Standard (damping adjustable) | None |
| Tyres | 245/45 R18 | 225/50 R18 | 255/45 R19 (optional 255/40 R20) | 225/50 R18 |
| Sunroof | Electric sunroof | Opening panoramic | Fixed panoramic | Opening panoramic |
| Central screen | 15 in, 2K | 15.6 in | 13 in, 2.5K | 15.6 in, 2.5K |
| SoC chip | Qualcomm 8155 | BYD D100 | AMD V2000 | Qualcomm 8155 |
| Infotainment system | Smart Cockpit | DiLink | Smart Cockpit | SAIC OS |
| Voice wake word & zones | Hello, Volkswagen (2 zones) | Hello, Xiaodi (4 zones) | Hello, smart (4 zones) | Hello, Roewe (4 zones) |
| Connectivity | 5G | 5G | 5G | 4G |
| Phone projection | CarPlay / HiCar / CarLink | HiCar / CarLink | CarPlay / HiCar / CarLink | — |
| Parking sensors & camera | Front & rear / Reversing camera | Front & rear / 360-degree | Front & rear / 360-degree | Front & rear / 360-degree |
| Cameras / Radars / LiDAR | Monocular (2) / 8 US / 3 mmWave / None | Trifocal (12) / 12 US / 5 mmWave / 1 LiDAR | Binocular (11) / 12 US / 3 mmWave / 1 LiDAR | Monocular (6) / 12 US / 0 mmWave / None |
| Driver-assist chip & system | — / ID. Drive | NVIDIA Orin-N (84 TOPS) / DiPilot 100 | — / Manufacturer system | — / — |
| Assistance level & cruise | — / None | L2 / Full-speed adaptive | L2 / Full-speed adaptive | L2 / Full-speed adaptive |
| HD map | — | Baidu (motorway) | Amap (urban & motorway) | Baidu |
| Vehicle warranty | 3 years / 100,000 km | — | 4 years / 150,000 km | 6 years / 150,000 km |
| High-voltage warranty | 8 years / 120,000 km | — | — | Lifetime (non-commercial, terms apply) |
Summary
The choice among these four is really asking what a plug-in hybrid means to you.
If it means "a fuel-efficient D-segment sedan with a green plate", the Passat ePro is the most orthodox answer. A 5,017 mm body, a 2,871 mm wheelbase, German chassis composure at cruise, 157 km of electric range covering the commute and 3.6 L/100km depleted-battery consumption absorbing the long trip — it delivers "no anxiety" most completely. The price is an obvious generational gap in smart features, and acceleration that is merely adequate.
If it means "burn as little petrol as possible", the Seal 07's 230 km and especially the smart #6's 285 km are far more persuasive, and the latter's three-speed DHT plus standard adaptive damping is more relaxed at highway pace. The cost is weight — over two tonnes — and larger batteries with higher prices.
If it means "cheap to run and cheap to keep", the Roewe M7's six-year/150,000 km warranty and 2.91 L/100km depleted consumption are uniquely attractive, though the 1.5L naturally aspirated engine is short of breath when accelerating hard at speed — its structural limitation.
One line to close: for D-segment presence and long-distance composure, take the Passat ePro; for maximum electric coverage and smart features, look at the other two; for a long warranty and low maintenance pressure, the Roewe M7 deserves separate consideration.
6. Expert Test Drive: Pros and Cons
Drawing on multiple professional outlets and third-party evaluations, the verdict on the ePro can be put in one sentence: the powertrain rebuild fixed the old model's fatal flaws, but did not close every gap.
Pros
- Smooth power delivery, low-speed hesitation essentially gone: Replacing the old six-speed dual-clutch with a three-speed DHT is the most substantive improvement of this generation. Media testing consistently reports virtually seamless power handover in stop-start traffic, a cabin quiet enough in EV mode to make you think the car is switched off, and gentle engine engagement even with a depleted battery. The old "dragon with charge, worm without" complaint is, on this architecture, theoretically resolved.
- Electric range covers the daily routine; combined range holds off long-trip anxiety: 157 km CLTC electric means most urban commuters charge once or twice a week; 1,468 km CLTC combined means a full tank and full battery can cover a long trip with barely any planning. Together these two figures map exactly onto the two core PHEV use cases, and represent its most practical advantage over a pure EV.
- Low depleted-battery consumption — cheap even on petrol: 3.6 L/100km CLTC depleted-battery consumption is excellent among D-segment plug-in sedans. At world average petrol prices, that is about 0.05 USD per kilometre on petrol, less than half the cost of a petrol car of the same size. For owners who occasionally forget to charge, this safety net matters.
Areas to Improve
- Cockpit intelligence lags a generation behind new brands: The hardware — 15-inch 2K display and Qualcomm 8155 — is not weak, but the ecosystem, continuous voice dialogue and "what you see is what you can say" capability remain clear shortfalls against domestic new-brand products at the same price. Driver assistance stays at basic L2 with a reversing camera only, in stark contrast to rivals offering 360-degree views, LiDAR and urban navigation assist.
- Quietness and interior quality are ordinary: At highway speed, tyre and wind noise enter the cabin in a higher proportion — a common trait across this Passat generation. Hard plastics take a high share of the interior and perceived quality does not fully match the price, a long-standing owner deduction.
- Acceleration does not lead among plug-in classmates: An official 8.1-second 0–100 km/h looks conservative next to 6–7 second rivals. For a D-segment car positioned for commuting and business use the figure is entirely adequate, but buyers expecting a shove should temper expectations.
Tested Scenarios
- Scenario 1: Electric coverage on the daily commute: At 157 km CLTC electric range and an urban real-world achievement rate of roughly 75–85%, usable electric range is about 120–135 km. A commuter covering 40–50 km a day can charge every two to three days; with a home AC charger, the engine rarely starts at all. (Source: manufacturer specifications and aggregate mainstream media testing)
- Scenario 2: Long-distance combined energy use: Leaving with a full tank and full battery, and using the 1,468 km CLTC combined range over a 47.5 L tank, the equivalent long-distance consumption is about 3.2 L/100km. At a world average petrol price of 1.418 USD/L, that is about 4.6 USD per 100 km, or roughly 70 USD of energy for a 1,500 km trip. (Source: manufacturer specifications with third-party test conversion)
7. Real Owner Reviews
Positive Feedback
Stability and composure at motorway speed: Summary: owners' praise for high-speed body stability is consistent and concentrated, with long drives noticeably less tiring than in most same-price products — the most appreciated part of the German chassis tuning.
"It's genuinely stable at speed — at 120 the steering doesn't wander at all, and after six or seven hundred kilometres in a day I'm not wrecked."
"Body control through corners is clean, there's none of that floaty feeling, and my parents in the back don't get car sick."
Rear space and ride comfort: Summary: the rear space enabled by the near five-metre body is the most frequently praised item. Legroom and cushion length both reach genuine D-segment standards, well suited to carrying passengers regularly.
"The back seat is genuinely big — at 1.8 metres I can still cross my legs, and it looks proper when I pick up clients."
"Three adults in the back is no squeeze. There's a tunnel on the floor but it's tolerable, and it's easy for elderly parents to get in and out."
Smooth power and the quiet EV experience: Summary: the new hybrid system's improvement in smoothness is widely felt, and the quietness of EV mode exceeds expectations — city driving feels close to a pure EV.
"Around town it's basically all electric — quiet enough that it sounds switched off, and pulling away from the lights is very smooth."
"The old plug-in had obvious hesitation at low speed. This one has none of that; even in traffic it doesn't irritate me."
Negative Feedback
Infotainment and smart features: Summary: system stutter, occasional freezes and unreliable voice recognition are long-standing issues carried over from the petrol version into the PHEV, and owner complaints are concentrated and repeated.
"The head unit is really poor — music cuts in and out occasionally, and when it freezes the only fix is a long-press reboot. I just use my phone for navigation."
"The voice assistant is basically unusable. You talk for ages and it doesn't understand, so I gave up and pretend it isn't there."
Sound insulation and interior materials: Summary: loud tyre and wind noise at speed and a plasticky cabin are the two points owners feel don't match the price, especially after comparing with domestic new-brand cars.
"Insulation is average — tyre noise at motorway speed is obvious, you have to turn the music up to feel comfortable."
"The interior materials are honestly a bit stingy, hard plastic everywhere. It feels no different from a car costing half as much."
Power drop-off with a depleted battery: Summary: although the new system is clearly better, when the battery is empty and hard acceleration is needed, response after the engine engages is still less immediate than with a full charge. Some owners find the gap perceptible.
"With charge it feels great, but once it's empty the throttle feels a bit flat — especially overtaking on the motorway, you have to anticipate."
"I'm used to the EV response, so after it runs out of charge everything feels half a beat slow. I charge whenever I can now, just to avoid it."
8. References
- Global Petrol Prices (2025). World Average Electricity Prices, USD / kWh. Retrieved from https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/electricity_prices/
- Global Petrol Prices (2026). World Average Gasoline Prices, USD / Liter. Retrieved from https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/gasoline_prices/
- IEA. Global EV Policy Explorer. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-policy-explorer
- SAIC Volkswagen. Passat ePro Official Model Page. Retrieved from https://www.saicmotor.com
- SAIC Volkswagen. Passat ePro Product Launch Materials. Retrieved from https://www.saicmotor.com
- Volkswagen AG. Volkswagen Passat Official Product Page. Retrieved from https://www.volkswagen.com
- YouTube (2026). Passat ePro Model Introduction Video. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/-NevSaK5eVc
